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GOAL: The focus of this page is on grammar and writing.
There are definitions for all of the key points, followed by enrichment activities to enhance your skills.
I. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Sentence: is a group
of words that expresses a complete thought
Every sentence has two parts: a subject
and a predicate
1. subject: tells who or what,
2. predicate: tells what the subject
does or is,
Fragment: is a group
of words that does not express a complete thought
Clause: is a group of
words containing at least a subject and a verb
Independent v. Dependent Clauses
1. independent clause: group of words
that can stand alone.
example: Jose will eat
2. dependent clause: group of words
that can not stand alone
example: after he goes home
Direct v. Indirect Object
1. direct object: the
word that recieves the action of the verb (to determine the direct object find the action verb first,
then ask whom or what is getting the action. Linking verbs do not have direct objects)
example: Jack took a pen from her desk. (The verb is took, and the direct
object is pen)
2. indirect object: the
noun or pronoun that receives the direct object ( to find the indirect object, ask who
or what recieved the direct object)
example: Renee bought
Shaun (shoes) for his birthday. (The verb is bought, the direct object is shoes,
and Shaun is the indirect object)
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II. THE 8 PARTS OF SPEECH
A. NOUN: a person, place, thing or idea
Common v. Proper Nouns
1. common noun: a non-specific
person, place, thing or idea (lowercase)
example: city, store,
boy
2. proper noun: a specific person,
place, thing or idea (capital)
example: Worcester, Walmart,
John
Singular v. Plural Nouns
1. singular noun: one person,
place, thing, or idea
2. plural noun: more than one
person, place, or idea
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B. PRONOUN: a
word that replaces a noun in a sentence
Pronoun List:
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, he,
her, hers, herself, him, himself, his, I, it, its, itself, many, me, mine, my, myself, neither, nobody, no one, none, nothing,
one, others, our, ours, ourselves, she, some, somebody, something, that, their, theirs, them, themselves, these, they, this,
us, what, which, who, whom, whose, you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves
Antecedent: the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers
to
example: John rode his bike home. (His is the pronoun, and it refers to John,
the antecedent)
C. VERB: the word used to show action, or
to indicate a state or condition in a sentence
The 3 types of verbs:
1. action verb: word that shows action or
possession
example: Judy eats
all the cookies. (The verb eats is the action in the sentence)
2. linking verb: word that connects (or
links) the subject to a noun or adjective that renames or describes it
example: Jose is
the leader of the team. (The linking verb is is, and it links Jose to leader)
3. helping verb: word used to with action
and linking verbs to help show possibility or time
example: Jack was running
down the street. (The action verb is running, and was is the helping verb showing time of
running)
The 3 verb tenses:
1. present tense: expresses an action or
situation that only exists now
example: takes; am/is/are taking;
have/has taken; have/has been taking
2. past tense: expresses an action or situation
that has already started and finished
example: took; was/were taking;
had taken; had been taking
3. future tense: expresses an action or
situation that has not occured yet
example: will/shall take; will be
taking; will have taken; will have been taking
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D. ADJECTIVE: word that describes a noun or
pronoun
Adjectives
tell three things: (1) What kind?, (2)
Which one?, (3) How many?
example: The strong
boy picked up his bike. (The adjective is strong, and it is the describing the noun boy)
Articles: A, An, The-- are called
articles, and are considered adjectives
1. A: is used before words beginning with a consonant
2. An: is used before words
beginning with a vowel
ENRICHMENT 11: identifying adjectives
E. ADVERB: word that describes verbs
Adverbs tell four things: (1) how,
(2) where, (3) when, (4) how many times
example: Jody ran quickly down the street. (The adverb is
quickly, describing the verb ran)
F. PREPOSITION: word used
to show how a noun or
pronoun is related to another word(s) in a sentence
Preposition List:
aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among,
around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, considering, despite,
down, during, except, excepting, excluding, following, for, from, in, inside, into, like, minus, near, of, off, on, onto,
opposite, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, round, save, since, than, through, to, toward, towards, under, underneath,
unlike, until, up, upon, versus, via, with, within, without
Prepositional phrase: is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with
a noun or pronoun.
Object of the preposition: the ending noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase
example: Chris lives by the river. (The preposition
is by, the object is river, and the prepostional phrase is by the river)
G. CONJUNCTION: word that connects
words or groups of words in a sentence
Some common conjunctions are: and,
for, or, nor, but, so, yet, as well as, although, because, since, unless
Coordinating v. Subordinating Conjunctions
1. coordinating conjunction: is used to
connect two parts of a sentence that are equal.
example: Jack and Jill
went up the hill. (The conjunction is and, connecting Jack with Jill)
2. subordinating conjunction: is used to
connect a dependent clause to the main clause in a sentence
example: I went swimming, although
it was cold. (The conjunction is although, connecting it was cold to I went swimming)
ENRICHMENT 16: identifying conjunctions
H. INTERJECTION: word that expresses feelings, followed by an exclamation
mark or a comma
Some common interjections are: wow, ouch, yuck,
oh, hey
example: Wow! That was an exciting ride.
ENRICHMENT17: all 8 parts of speech
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